Yogyakarta, often called “Jogja” or “Yogya,” is one of Indonesia’s cities rich in history and culture. Located in the southern part of Java Island, this city has been a center of Javanese civilization for centuries. Here is a summary of Yogyakarta’s fascinating history.
The Beginnings of Yogyakarta
The history of Yogyakarta dates back to the era of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in the archipelago. This region was once part of the ancient Mataram Kingdom, established around the 8th century. The kingdom is renowned for constructing magnificent temples, such as Borobudur and Prambanan, which are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
In the 16th century, the Islamic Mataram Sultanate was founded by Panembahan Senopati in this region. The sultanate thrived and became one of the largest political and cultural forces in Java.
The Giyanti Agreement
Yogyakarta emerged as a separate political entity in 1755 through the Giyanti Agreement. This treaty was made between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Mataram Sultanate, then led by Sultan Pakubuwono III. As a result, the Mataram Kingdom was divided into two: the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate.
Sultan Hamengkubuwono I became the first ruler of the Yogyakarta Sultanate. He moved the kingdom’s capital to Yogyakarta and built the Yogyakarta Palace (Keraton) as the center of governance and culture. To this day, the Keraton remains a symbol of Yogyakarta’s grandeur and cultural identity.
Yogyakarta’s Role in the Struggle for Independence
During the Dutch and Japanese colonial periods, Yogyakarta was a center of resistance. After Indonesia’s declaration of independence in 1945, the city played a vital role in preserving the nation’s sovereignty. Between 1946 and 1949, Yogyakarta served as the temporary capital of the Republic of Indonesia when Jakarta was occupied by the Dutch.
Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, the ruler of Yogyakarta at the time, fully supported the Indonesian government. His role was crucial in maintaining national stability during the revolution.
Yogyakarta’s Special Status
After Indonesia’s independence, Yogyakarta was granted special status based on a decree from President Soekarno. This status acknowledges the significant contribution of the Yogyakarta Sultanate to the country’s independence struggle. Today, Yogyakarta is a Special Region with the Sultan of Yogyakarta serving as the Governor without undergoing an electoral process.
Population and Growth
As of the latest data, Yogyakarta’s population is approximately 3.7 million people, including the surrounding areas. Over the centuries, Yogyakarta has seen significant development, particularly in education and tourism. The city is known as a “student city,” home to prestigious institutions like Gadjah Mada University, established in 1949. Tourism has also flourished, with landmarks like Malioboro Street, the Yogyakarta Palace, Taman Sari, and the beaches in Gunungkidul attracting millions of visitors annually.
In recent years, urban development and creative industries have contributed to Yogyakarta’s rapid modernization. Technology startups, contemporary art, and culinary tourism are some of the fastest-growing sectors today.
Current Leadership
Currently, Yogyakarta is led by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, who has held the position since 1988. Under his leadership, Yogyakarta continues to balance tradition and modernity, maintaining its unique cultural heritage while embracing progress.
Yogyakarta Today
Today, Yogyakarta is renowned as a city of students, culture, and a major tourist destination in Indonesia. The city’s friendly and modest lifestyle makes it special in the hearts of many people.
